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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">comeduc</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Comunicaci&#x00F3; Educativa. Revista d&#x0027;ensenyament de les comarques meridionals de Catalunya</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>COMEDUC</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1575-9911</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2339-5559</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3746</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17345/comeduc36.3746</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ressenyes</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Ciutadania compromesa i educaci&#x00F3;. Propostes per al foment de la mem&#x00F2;ria democr&#x00E0;tica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0290</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Vidal Prades</surname>
<given-names>Emma Dunia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-CAT"/>
<aff id="aff1-CAT">
<institution content-type="original">Universitat Jaume I</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat Jaume I</institution>
</aff>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
    </pub-date>
    <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<fpage>221</fpage>
<lpage>228</lpage>
<product product-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pons-Alt&#x00E9;s</surname> <given-names>J. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<role>coord.</role>) (<year>2021</year>). <source><italic>Ciutadania compromesa i educaci&#x00F3;. Propostes per al foment de la mem&#x00F2;ria democr&#x00E0;tica</italic></source>. <publisher-name>Publicacions URV</publisher-name>.</product>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>17</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>24</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="ca">
<license-p>Este obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>L&#x2019;estudi coordinat pel professor Josep Maria Pons-Alt&#x00E9;s es basa en quatre conceptes clau: educaci&#x00F3;, ciutadania, cooperaci&#x00F3; i democr&#x00E0;cia. Aquests conceptes s&#x00F3;n el nucli dels diversos treballs que conformen l&#x2019;obra. L&#x2019;objectiu principal &#x00E9;s promoure la mem&#x00F2;ria democr&#x00E0;tica a trav&#x00E9;s de la did&#x00E0;ctica de les ci&#x00E8;ncies socials i explorar el paper dels espais, els textos i les associacions en la gesti&#x00F3; pol&#x00ED;tica contempor&#x00E0;nia. El llibre tamb&#x00E9; destaca l&#x2019;&#x00FA;s de la participaci&#x00F3; democr&#x00E0;tica a les aules i aborda la import&#x00E0;ncia de canviar el paradigma hegem&#x00F2;nic en l&#x2019;ensenyament de l&#x2019;economia cap a un enfocament cr&#x00ED;tic. Altres temes tractats inclouen l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; patrimonial, la guerra civil espanyola i les associacions memorialistes antifranquistes. En resum, l&#x2019;obra ofereix una reflexi&#x00F3; i unes propostes did&#x00E0;ctiques per aprofundir en la mem&#x00F2;ria hist&#x00F2;rica, el pensament cr&#x00ED;tic, la ciutadania i el patrimoni a trav&#x00E9;s de la participaci&#x00F3; democr&#x00E0;tica a l&#x2019;aula.</p>
<p>Els cap&#x00ED;tols que fan refer&#x00E8;ncia a la participaci&#x00F3; democr&#x00E0;tica i la seva implantaci&#x00F3; a les aules s&#x00F3;n els tres fets per Irigoyen, Castellv&#x00ED; i Grau, on es tracten les metodologies que poden ajudar a dur aquests processos de canvi tem&#x00E0;tic i introduir el pensament cr&#x00ED;tic per promoure el canvi social en les noves generacions, basant aquestes pautes en l&#x2019;adquisici&#x00F3; d&#x2019;estrat&#x00E8;gies, coneixements, habilitats i valors.</p>
<p>Irigoyen defensa que l&#x2019;articulaci&#x00F3; de pol&#x00ED;tiques de mem&#x00F2;ria democr&#x00E0;tica &#x00E9;s necess&#x00E0;ria per establir els fonaments de conviv&#x00E8;ncia en una societat democr&#x00E0;tica. Aix&#x00F2; implica evitar la banalitzaci&#x00F3; de la mem&#x00F2;ria del passat i lluitar per la reparaci&#x00F3; i la construcci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;un marc social m&#x00E9;s just i democr&#x00E0;tic. L&#x2019;autor considera que l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; &#x00E9;s fonamental per promoure la pau, la cohesi&#x00F3; social, els valors democr&#x00E0;tics i una cultura de drets humans. En aquest sentit, el treball cooperatiu a les aules &#x00E9;s una eina clau per construir una conviv&#x00E8;ncia democr&#x00E0;tica i fomentar la responsabilitat participativa. La cooperaci&#x00F3; a l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; supera la simple metodologia pedag&#x00F2;gica i busca crear un marc social i pol&#x00ED;tic m&#x00E9;s inclusiu, solidari i cr&#x00ED;tic. L&#x2019;autor tamb&#x00E9; diferencia entre cooperaci&#x00F3; i col&#x00B7;laboraci&#x00F3;, i destaca la import&#x00E0;ncia de la interdepend&#x00E8;ncia positiva i la responsabilitat individual en la cooperaci&#x00F3;. A m&#x00E9;s, tamb&#x00E9; destaca la necessitat d&#x2019;un canvi de model escolar per promoure l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; en la conviv&#x00E8;ncia, la responsabilitat i la vida democr&#x00E0;tica. En conclusi&#x00F3;, el treball cooperatiu amb valors cooperatius pot contribuir a construir un futur m&#x00E9;s democr&#x00E0;tic i fomentar una participaci&#x00F3; responsable en la societat.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-3746-CAT">
<label>Figura 1.</label>
<caption><title>Portada del llibre coordinat per Pons-Alt&#x00E9;s.</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-3746-CAT.jpg"/>
<attrib>Font: Publicacions URV.</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Castellv&#x00ED;, en aquest text, aborda la import&#x00E0;ncia de la literacitat cr&#x00ED;tica per formar una ciutadania democr&#x00E0;tica i compromesa. S&#x2019;observa una visi&#x00F3; optimista de la tecnologia, per&#x00F2; tamb&#x00E9; s&#x2019;alerta sobre els perills de l&#x2019;espectacle i les not&#x00ED;cies falses en l&#x2019;era digital. Es destaca la necessitat de preparar els estudiants per avaluar la informaci&#x00F3; en l&#x00ED;nia i desenvolupar habilitats per determinar qui est&#x00E0; darrere de la informaci&#x00F3; que consumeixen.</p>
<p>Es posa &#x00E8;mfasi en l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; per a la ciutadania en un m&#x00F3;n canviant, i es subratlla la import&#x00E0;ncia de les literacitats cr&#x00ED;tiques en la formaci&#x00F3; de representacions socials i valors dels futurs ciutadans. Tamb&#x00E9; es discuteixen diferents enfocaments educatius, incloent-hi l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; moral i c&#x00ED;vica, l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; financera, la participaci&#x00F3; democr&#x00E0;tica i la ciutadania cr&#x00ED;tica i transformadora. L&#x2019;enfocament proposat &#x00E9;s l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; per a la ciutadania cr&#x00ED;tica, participativa i transformadora, que considera que s&#x00F3;n els reptes socials actuals, i busca solucions a trav&#x00E9;s del pensament cr&#x00ED;tic.</p>
<p>El text es refereix a diverses literacitats cr&#x00ED;tiques, com la literacitat cr&#x00ED;tica medi&#x00E0;tica, la literacitat cr&#x00ED;tica informacional i la literacitat cr&#x00ED;tica digital. S&#x2019;explora la relaci&#x00F3; entre els mitjans de comunicaci&#x00F3;, les tecnologies digitals i la formaci&#x00F3; del pensament cr&#x00ED;tic. Tamb&#x00E9; s&#x2019;identifiquen els valors i les emocions com a factors importants en la presa de decisions de la ciutadania, i es destaca la necessitat d&#x2019;incorporar-los en l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; per a la ciutadania.</p>
<p>En resum, el text argumenta que la literacitat cr&#x00ED;tica &#x00E9;s essencial per al desenvolupament d&#x2019;una ciutadania democr&#x00E0;tica i compromesa. Se n&#x2019;explora la relaci&#x00F3; amb els mitjans de comunicaci&#x00F3;, les tecnologies digitals, els valors i les emocions, i s&#x2019;insisteix en la import&#x00E0;ncia d&#x2019;integrar-la en l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; per a la ciutadania.</p>
<p>Per la seua part, Grau destaca la import&#x00E0;ncia d&#x2019;ensenyar la hist&#x00F2;ria des d&#x2019;un enfocament social, c&#x00ED;vic, &#x00E8;tic i democr&#x00E0;tic, i fer-ho promovent l&#x2019;an&#x00E0;lisi de problemes socials i el desenvolupament de la consci&#x00E8;ncia c&#x00ED;vica i &#x00E8;tica, i fomentant la participaci&#x00F3; activa dels estudiants en la societat.</p>
<p>El text esmenta que l&#x2019;ensenyament de la hist&#x00F2;ria no s&#x2019;ha de limitar a la repetici&#x00F3; o l&#x2019;acumulaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;informaci&#x00F3;, sin&#x00F3; que s&#x2019;ha de basar en estrat&#x00E8;gies que permetin als estudiants convertir-se en ciutadans actius en una societat complexa i humana. S&#x2019;emfatitza en l&#x2019;an&#x00E0;lisi social com a exercici per comprendre els problemes de les societats en diferents temps hist&#x00F2;rics, i es ressalta la import&#x00E0;ncia de la reflexi&#x00F3; &#x00E8;tica i c&#x00ED;vica en l&#x2019;estudi de la hist&#x00F2;ria.</p>
<p>A m&#x00E9;s, es fa esment de la import&#x00E0;ncia d&#x2019;ensenyar la hist&#x00F2;ria des d&#x2019;una perspectiva democr&#x00E0;tica, i promoure aix&#x00ED; la comprensi&#x00F3; dels drets humans i la cultura de conviv&#x00E8;ncia.</p>
<p>El cap&#x00ED;tol quart, elaborat per Claverol i Polo, aborda un canvi de paradigma d&#x2019;ensenyament hegem&#x00F2;nic, fins al moment, de l&#x2019;economia que ha de transitar cap a un vessant cr&#x00ED;tic per treballar amb el concepte de ciutadania. Aquesta an&#x00E0;lisi enlla&#x00E7;a amb els dos cap&#x00ED;tols seg&#x00FC;ents, en qu&#x00E8; Pons-Alt&#x00E9;s ens fa visibles les pautes per entendre quines s&#x00F3;n les relacions de poder existents en la societat, i que marquen punts de partida per poder reflexionar al voltant del concepte de futur vinculat a una societat democr&#x00E0;tica.</p>
<p>El text parla sobre l&#x2019;ensenyament de l&#x2019;economia i planteja que aquest fet s&#x2019;ha convertit en una lluita ideol&#x00F2;gica impulsada pel neoliberalisme. Segons el text, els neoliberals han buscat controlar el discurs i les mentalitats a trav&#x00E9;s de l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; econ&#x00F2;mica, especialment a les escoles i universitats.</p>
<p>S&#x2019;esmenten alguns economistes i pensadors neoliberals, com Ludwing von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, George Stigler i Milton Friedman, que han advocat per la difusi&#x00F3; de les seves idees i l&#x2019;ensenyament de l&#x2019;economia basada en el mercat lliure i la propietat privada. Aquests autors tamb&#x00E9; han desenvolupat la teoria de la lluita ideol&#x00F2;gica, i han argumentat que les masses no pensen per elles mateixes i que els intel&#x00B7;lectuals han de combatre les idees progressistes i les reformes socials que consideren g&#x00E8;rmens de totalitarisme.</p>
<p>El text critica la manca de pluralitat i reflexi&#x00F3; cr&#x00ED;tica en l&#x2019;ensenyament de l&#x2019;economia, i afirma que hi preval una visi&#x00F3; monol&#x00ED;tica i ortodoxa neoliberal. S&#x2019;esmenten moviments estudiantils i grups cr&#x00ED;tics que han protestat contra aquesta situaci&#x00F3;, com ara el Moviment per una Economia Postautista, estudiants de Cambridge i Harvard que van abandonar classes d&#x2019;economia pels seus continguts, i diverses associacions d&#x2019;economia cr&#x00ED;tica que promouen visions alternatives i perspectives heterodoxes.</p>
<p>S&#x2019;argumenta que l&#x2019;ensenyament de l&#x2019;economia hauria d&#x2019;incloure diferents enfocaments cr&#x00ED;tics i alternatius, com l&#x2019;economia ecol&#x00F2;gica, la feminista, la marxista, la institucionalista i la postkeynesiana, i que tamb&#x00E9; hauria de tenir en compte les experi&#x00E8;ncies i els projectes d&#x2019;organitzaci&#x00F3; social i econ&#x00F2;mica que busquen formes postcapitalistes i democr&#x00E0;tiques.</p>
<p>En resum, el text planteja que l&#x2019;ensenyament de l&#x2019;economia ha estat utilitzat com a eina ideol&#x00F2;gica pel neoliberalisme, i critica la manca de pluralitat i reflexi&#x00F3; cr&#x00ED;tica en aquesta disciplina. Proposa la inclusi&#x00F3; de visions alternatives i la promoci&#x00F3; de la participaci&#x00F3; ciutadana com a formes de transformar la societat i q&#x00FC;estionar el sistema econ&#x00F2;mic dominant.</p>
<p>Gonz&#x00E1;lez ens aporta el fet de buscar la connexi&#x00F3; entre l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; patrimonial i la ciutadania que se&#x2019;n despr&#x00E8;n de la seva evoluci&#x00F3;, i fer-ho mostrant la necessitat de fixar-nos en els conceptes i el paper que els hem donat en eixe proc&#x00E9;s. Parla de com imaginem el futur en funci&#x00F3; de com se seleccionen els continguts i la construcci&#x00F3; de relats, i el treball sobre la participaci&#x00F3; ciutadana i sobre l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; patrimonial ens ofereix pautes de com analitzar l&#x2019;evoluci&#x00F3; de les idees i dels objectes, les cultures i les persones, i el pes que li atorguen en cada moment ressalta o oculta aspectes socials o culturals de la societat.</p>
<p>El text argumenta que aquests problemes no s&#x2019;han d&#x2019;evitar, sin&#x00F3; que s&#x2019;han de veure com a oportunitats per educar en el di&#x00E0;leg, el debat, el reconeixement de diferents perspectives i interessos i per promoure la ciutadania cr&#x00ED;tica i compromesa amb l&#x2019;acci&#x00F3; social per a un m&#x00F3;n m&#x00E9;s just.</p>
<p>S&#x2019;esmenta que l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; patrimonial pot facilitar la comprensi&#x00F3; d&#x2019;un m&#x00F3;n m&#x00E9;s interconnectat, que va m&#x00E9;s enll&#x00E0; del que &#x00E9;s visible, i buscar all&#x00F2; que &#x00E9;s ocult o no perceptible a primera vista. Se suggereix que aquesta comprensi&#x00F3; m&#x00E9;s interconnectada pot promoure el desenvolupament d&#x2019;una ciutadania cr&#x00ED;tica, globalment i radicalment democr&#x00E0;tica.</p>
<p>A m&#x00E9;s, destaca la import&#x00E0;ncia d&#x2019;oferir i compartir oportunitats d&#x2019;aprenentatge que permetin descobrir i valorar les diferents cultures, ideologies i valors que enriqueixen la humanitat. El patrimoni es planteja com un dels recursos que pot ajudar a construir una visi&#x00F3; d&#x2019;un m&#x00F3;n global amb perspectives diverses i plurals, amb el desafiament de reconciliar persones, societats i cultures de diferents arrels que coexisteixen en contextos de diversitat cultural.</p>
<p>Per tant, el text advoca per utilitzar l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; patrimonial com a estrat&#x00E8;gia per abordar problemes socials rellevants, fomentar la ciutadania cr&#x00ED;tica i promoure una comprensi&#x00F3; m&#x00E9;s interconnectada i global del m&#x00F3;n.</p>
<p>Aquesta societat, de la qual podem extreure un coneixement hist&#x00F2;ric si es treballa a partir de la mem&#x00F2;ria democr&#x00E0;tica i de la participaci&#x00F3; ciutadana, &#x00E9;s el punt de partida de la proposta de treball d&#x2019;Arnabat, amb un cas concret en una localitat que es pot arribar a transformar en un museu obert i educatiu.</p>
<p>La idea principal del text &#x00E9;s la de proposar el concepte de <italic>Vilafranca Museu Obert</italic> com una manera de transformar la ciutat de Vilafranca del Pened&#x00E8;s en un espai educatiu i de coneixement. La proposta pret&#x00E9;n millorar la senyalitzaci&#x00F3; i la informaci&#x00F3; hist&#x00F2;rica sobre la hist&#x00F2;ria i el patrimoni de la vila, i crear una narraci&#x00F3; hist&#x00F2;rica coherent a trav&#x00E9;s d&#x2019;itineraris urbans i espais amb transcend&#x00E8;ncia hist&#x00F2;rica i memorial. L&#x2019;objectiu &#x00E9;s donar a con&#x00E8;ixer el passat i el present de Vilafranca posant en valor els diferents espais, edificis i fets hist&#x00F2;rics que han configurat el municipi, alhora que destaca la import&#x00E0;ncia de preservar i promoure el seu patrimoni i la mem&#x00F2;ria democr&#x00E0;tica.</p>
<p>La proposta did&#x00E0;ctica d&#x2019;Hern&#x00E1;ndez, Feliu i Jim&#x00E9;nez ens porta fins a la Guerra Civil Espanyola com a ferramenta de treball de la formaci&#x00F3; en ciutadania.</p>
<p>La did&#x00E0;ctica de la hist&#x00F2;ria, com a disciplina cient&#x00ED;fica, t&#x00E9; com a objectiu comunicar i fer comprensibles els coneixements sobre persones, fets, llocs, processos, conceptes, sistemes conceptuals i m&#x00E8;todes de recerca generats per les disciplines cient&#x00ED;fiques i tecnol&#x00F2;giques que estudien el passat, especialment la hist&#x00F2;ria, l&#x2019;arqueologia i la hist&#x00F2;ria de l&#x2019;art. Qualsevol aproximaci&#x00F3; did&#x00E0;ctica a la Guerra Civil Espanyola (GCE) ha de tenir en compte els coneixements generats per aquestes disciplines. La did&#x00E0;ctica de la hist&#x00F2;ria t&#x00E9; projecci&#x00F3; en tots els &#x00E0;mbits en qu&#x00E8; es planteja el coneixement del passat, incloent-hi els sistemes formals d&#x2019;ensenyament-aprenentatge, especialment als centres educatius de prim&#x00E0;ria i secund&#x00E0;ria, per&#x00F2; tamb&#x00E9; en l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; infantil, la formaci&#x00F3; professional i l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; universit&#x00E0;ria. A m&#x00E9;s, la did&#x00E0;ctica de la hist&#x00F2;ria tamb&#x00E9; t&#x00E9; un paper important en els &#x201C;entorns no formals d&#x2019;ensenyament-aprenentatge&#x201D;, que inclouen usos i consums d&#x2019;hist&#x00F2;ria en contextos informatius, formatius i l&#x00FA;dics diversos i per part d&#x2019;amplis sectors de poblaci&#x00F3;, com ara accions i propostes culturals, museus, monuments, turisme cultural, paisatges historiats, jocs, videografia, literatura, lleure, etc. En aquest sentit, la did&#x00E0;ctica de la hist&#x00F2;ria de la GCE t&#x00E9; com a objectiu fer comprensibles, en entorns formals i no formals, els aspectes m&#x00E9;s diversos del conflicte tenint en compte els coneixements generats principalment per la investigaci&#x00F3; hist&#x00F2;rica i arqueol&#x00F2;gica. Aquests coneixements, alhora, incidiran en una s&#x00F2;lida formaci&#x00F3; cr&#x00ED;tica basada en valors cient&#x00ED;fics, si entenem que el pensament i la pr&#x00E0;ctica cient&#x00ED;fica s&#x00F3;n la m&#x00E0;xima expressi&#x00F3; de l&#x2019;humanisme.</p>
<p>Tot i aix&#x00F2;, &#x00E9;s important tenir en compte que factors com la proximitat temporal (un fet del qual encara hi ha testimonis directes) i les circumst&#x00E0;ncies socials i pol&#x00ED;tiques del conflicte de 1936-1939, la seva repercussi&#x00F3; mundial i la naturalesa dels mateixos fets ocorreguts, fan que la GCE sigui especialment rellevant per abordar temes relacionats amb els drets humans, la governan&#x00E7;a i la cultura democr&#x00E0;tica. Cal tenir present que la l&#x00F2;gica humanista del coneixement cient&#x00ED;fic i la l&#x00F2;gica humanista de la cultura democr&#x00E0;tica parteixen de la mateixa base: l&#x2019;aspiraci&#x00F3; a la racionalitat. Per tant, el treball sobre la GCE a les aules, aix&#x00ED; com als espais no formals d&#x2019;ensenyament-aprenentatge, esdev&#x00E9; interessant, &#x00FA;til i imprescindible, especialment quan les conseq&#x00FC;&#x00E8;ncies del conflicte encara incideixen en el nostre present, el condicionen i el determinen. Hi ha conflictes que presenten una llarga durabilitat i les conseq&#x00FC;&#x00E8;ncies dels quals s&#x2019;estenen al llarg de generacions. En el cas de la Guerra Civil Espanyola, la seva ombra prolongada encara &#x00E9;s completament present en el dia a dia de les societats de l&#x2019;Estat espanyol, i &#x00E9;s precisament per aix&#x00F2; que el coneixement i l&#x2019;an&#x00E0;lisi d&#x2019;un conflicte encara &#x201C;viu&#x201D; esdev&#x00E9; rellevant per contribuir al desenvolupament d&#x2019;una ciutadania cr&#x00ED;tica i compromesa.</p>
<p>I aquest cap&#x00ED;tol entronca en el de Conesa i la deriva que es fa a partir del resultats d&#x2019;aquesta guerra per vincular l&#x2019;aparici&#x00F3; de les associacions memorialistes antifranquistes i, a partir d&#x2019;elles, poder treballar la mem&#x00F2;ria hist&#x00F2;rica de la ciutadania.</p>
<p>El text tamb&#x00E9; esmenta la idea de reconciliaci&#x00F3; nacional i com n&#x2019;ha perdut el significat original. S&#x2019;assenyala que la manca d&#x2019;accions concretes per part de les institucions per abordar la mem&#x00F2;ria hist&#x00F2;rica ha tingut conseq&#x00FC;&#x00E8;ncies negatives, com ara l&#x2019;equiparaci&#x00F3; de responsabilitats entre les forces franquistes i republicanes, la manca de reconeixement institucional de les persones que van lluitar contra el franquisme i la perpetuaci&#x00F3; de falsedats hist&#x00F2;riques difoses durant la dictadura franquista.</p>
<p>En resposta a aquesta situaci&#x00F3;, les associacions memorialistes van dur a terme diverses accions, com ara la marca d&#x2019;espais de mem&#x00F2;ria, la instal&#x00B7;laci&#x00F3; de monuments commemoratius i la resignificaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;espais existents. Tamb&#x00E9; destaca la import&#x00E0;ncia del treball en xarxa d&#x2019;aquestes associacions i els seus contactes internacionals, que van contribuir a l&#x2019;erecci&#x00F3; de monuments destacats, com el dedicat als brigadistes internacionals a la Rambla del Carmel, de Barcelona.</p>
<p>En s&#x00ED;ntesi, el fragment aborda el treball de les associacions memorialistes a Catalunya, la seva lluita per la mem&#x00F2;ria hist&#x00F2;rica i la dignificaci&#x00F3; de les v&#x00ED;ctimes del franquisme, aix&#x00ED; com les dificultats i els &#x00E8;xits que van enfrontar en la seva tasca.</p>
<p>En definitiva, som davant d&#x2019;un obra que reflexiona i aporta elements did&#x00E0;ctics per introduir temes com la mem&#x00F2;ria hist&#x00F2;rica, el pensament cr&#x00ED;tic, la ciutadania o el patrimoni tant material com immaterial, i fer-ho a trav&#x00E9;s del di&#x00E0;leg i la participaci&#x00F3; democr&#x00E0;tica a l&#x2019;aula.</p>
</body>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3746</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17345/comeduc36.3746</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ressenyes</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Engaged citizenship and education. Proposals for fostering democratic memory</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0290</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Vidal Prades</surname>
<given-names>Emma Dunia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<institution content-type="original">Universitat Jaume I</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat Jaume I</institution>
</aff>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
    </pub-date>
    <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<fpage>229</fpage>
<lpage>236</lpage>
<product product-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pons-Alt&#x00E9;s</surname> <given-names>J. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<role>coord.</role>) (<year>2021</year>). <source><italic>Ciutadania compromesa i educaci&#x00F3;. Propostes per al foment de la mem&#x00F2;ria democr&#x00E0;tica</italic></source> [<trans-source xml:lang="en"><italic>Engaged citizenship and education. Proposals for fostering democratic memory</italic></trans-source>]. <publisher-name>Publicacions URV</publisher-name>.</product>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>17</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>24</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Este obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.</license-p>
</license>
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</front-stub>
<body>
<p>The study, coordinated by professor Josep Maria Pons-Alt&#x00E9;s, is based on four key concepts: education, citizenship, cooperation and democracy. These concepts form the basis of the studies collated in this book, which aims to promote democratic memory through the teachings of the social sciences and explore the role that space, text and associations play in contemporary political management. The book also highlights the use of democratic participation in the classroom and addresses the importance of shifting the hegemonic paradigm in economics education towards a more critical approach. Other topics include heritage education, the Spanish Civil War and anti-Franco memorial associations. In essence, the book presents a reflection on and didactic proposals for exploring historical memory, critical thinking, citizenship and heritage through democratic participation in the classroom.</p>
<p>The three chapters on democratic participation and its introduction into the classroom are by Irigoyen, Castellv&#x00ED; and Grau, and discuss methodologies that may help bring about these processes of thematic change and introduce critical thinking in order to foster social change in new generations, basing these guidelines on the acquisition of strategies, knowledge, skills and values.</p>
<p>Irigoyen defends the shaping of democratic memory policies as necessary for laying the foundations for coexistence in a democratic society. It would involve preventing the trivialisation of memory and striving for the reparation and construction of a more just and democratic social framework. The author believes that education is fundamental for promoting peace, social cohesion, democratic values and a culture of human rights. In this regard, cooperative work in the classroom is a crucial tool for fostering democratic coexistence and participatory responsibility. Cooperation in education goes beyond pedagogical methodology and seeks to create a more inclusive, supportive and critical social and political framework. The author also presents the difference between cooperation and collaboration by underlining the importance of positive interdependence and individual responsibility involved in cooperation. What&#x2019;s more, he highlights the need to change the educational model in order to stimulate teaching based on coexistence, responsibility and democratic life. In conclusion, cooperative projects based on cooperative values can help cultivate a more democratic future and foster responsible participation in society.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-3746-EN">
<label>Figure 1.</label>
<caption><title>Cover book coordinated by Pons-Alt&#x00E9;s.</title></caption>
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<attrib>Source: Publicacions URV.</attrib>
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<p>Castellv&#x00ED; discusses the importance of critical literacy for achieving democratic and engaged citizens. He provides an optimistic view on technology, but also warns about the dangers of sensationalism and fake news in the digital age. He highlights the need to teach students how to judge the information they read online and help them develop the skills to ascertain who is behind the information they consume.</p>
<p>The text emphasises the importance of educating citizens in a changing world and the need for critical literacies that can help shape social representations and the values of future citizens. It also discusses several educational approaches, including moral and citizenship education, financial education, democratic participation and critical and transformative citizenship. The proposal is an education conducive to critical, participatory and transformative citizenship, which takes current social challenges into consideration and seeks solutions through critical thinking.</p>
<p>The text refers to various critical literacies, such as critical media literacy, critical informational literacy and critical digital literacy, as well as exploring the relationship between the media, digital technologies and the development of critical thinking. It also points out how values and emotions are important factors in citizens&#x2019; decision-making and highlights the need to incorporate them into citizen education.</p>
<p>In short, the text argues that critical literacy is essential in order to achieve a democratic and engaged society and explores its relationship with the media, digital technologies, values and emotions, insisting on the importance of integrating this kind of literacy into citizen education.</p>
<p>In his chapter, Grau underlines the importance of teaching history from a social, civic, ethical and democratic perspective and encouraging the analysis of social issues by improving civic and ethical awareness and encouraging students to actively engage in society.</p>
<p>The text notes that history education should not be limited to the repetition or accumulation of information, but that it should instead be based on strategies that help students become active citizens and members of a complex and humane society. It highlights how social analysis can be used as an exercise to understand the flaws of societies throughout history and stresses the importance of ethical and civic reflection when studying history.</p>
<p>It also touches upon the need to teach history from a democratic angle and help students understand human rights and the culture of coexistence.</p>
<p>The chapter written by Claverol i Polo addresses a paradigm shift in the hitherto hegemonic teaching of economics, which, they argue, needs to take a more critical stance if it is to incorporate the concept of citizenship. This leads on to the following two chapters, in which Pons-Alt&#x00E9;s presents the guidelines for understanding society&#x2019;s power relations, which form the basis for reflecting on a vision of the future based on a democratic society.</p>
<p>The text talks about economics education and argues that it has become an ideological struggle driven by neoliberalism. It also states that neoliberals have sought to control the discourse and mentalities through economic education, especially in schools and universities.</p>
<p>It names neoliberal economists and thinkers such as Ludwing von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, George Stigler and Milton Friedman, who advocated the dissemination of their own ideas and the teaching of economics based on the free market and private property. These authors also developed the theory of ideological struggle, arguing that the masses cannot think for themselves and that intellectuals must combat the progressive ideas and social reforms they deem to be the seeds of totalitarianism.</p>
<p>The chapter criticises the lack of plurality and critical reflection in economics education, claiming that a monolithic and orthodox neoliberal vision still prevails. It cites student movements and critical groups that have spoken out against the current model, such as the Post-Autistic Economics Movement, where students at Cambridge and Harvard dropped out of their economics classes in a disagreement over the content, or several critical economics associations that promote alternative views and heterodox perspectives.</p>
<p>It argues that economics education should include different critical and alternative approaches, such as ecological, feminist, Marxist, institutionalist and post-Keynesian economics, as well as explore social and economic experiences and projects that seek post-capitalist and democratic models.</p>
<p>In summary, the text argues that economics education has been used as an ideological tool for neoliberalism, and criticises the discipline&#x2019;s lack of plurality and critical reflection. It proposes including alternative visions and fostering citizen participation in order to transform society and challenge the dominant economic system.</p>
<p>Gonz&#x00E1;lez points us towards the connection between heritage education and citizenship that has emerged from their evolution and the need to examine the concepts and roles we have assigned them in this process. She discusses how we imagine the future based on how content is selected, how narratives are built, the work on citizen participation and heritage education that offer guidelines on how to analyse the evolution of ideas and objects, cultures and people and the significance we place on them, which either highlights or hides social and cultural aspects of society.</p>
<p>Gonz&#x00E1;lez argues that these problems should not be avoided, but instead seen as opportunities to educate through dialogue, debate, recognition of different perspectives and interests, and to encourage critical and engaged citizenship alongside social action for a fairer world.</p>
<p>She also discusses how heritage education can help facilitate our understanding of a more interconnected world, one that goes beyond what we can see to uncover what might be hidden or missed upon first glance. She suggests that this more interconnected vision could help lead to more critical, global and radically democratic citizens.</p>
<p>This chapter also underlines the importance of providing and sharing learning opportunities in order to discover and value the multitude of cultures, ideologies and values that enrich humanity. It proposes heritage as a resource to help instil the idea of a global world with plural and diverse perspectives, and the challenge of uniting people, societies and cultures of different origins so they may coexist in culturally diverse contexts.</p>
<p>This chapter thus advocates using heritage education as a strategy to address relevant social issues, encourage citizens to be more critical and promote a more interconnected and global world view.</p>
<p>This society, from which we can extract historical knowledge if we base our work on democratic memory and citizen participation, is the seed for Arnabat-Mata&#x0027;s proposal to transform a town into an open and educational museum.</p>
<p>The main thrust of the text is a proposal for the &#x201C;Vilafranca Open Museum&#x201D;, a project that would transform the town of Vilafranca del Pened&#x00E8;s into a space for education and knowledge. The proposal aims to improve the signposts and information about the town&#x2019;s history and heritage and create a coherent historical narrative by introducing walking tours and spaces with historical and memorial significance. The aim is to shed light on Vilafranca&#x0027;s past and present and highlight the different spaces, buildings and historical events that have shaped this town, while emphasising the importance of preserving and promoting the town&#x0027;s heritage and democratic memory.</p>
<p>Hern&#x00E1;ndez, Feliu-Torruella and Jim&#x00E9;nez&#x0027;s didactic proposal takes us back to the Spanish Civil War as an instrument for citizenship education.</p>
<p>History education, as a scientific discipline, aims to present and help its students understand knowledge on people, facts, places, processes, concepts, conceptual systems and research methods generated by the scientific and technological disciplines that study the past, namely history, archaeology and art history. Any approach to teaching about the Spanish Civil War must take into account the knowledge these disciplines have generated. History education impacts all fields that deal with knowledge of the past, including formal teaching and learning systems, especially in primary and secondary schools, but also in pre-primary education, vocational training and university education. But it also plays an important role in &#x201C;non-formal teaching and learning environments&#x201D;, whereby history is used and consumed in informative, educational and recreational settings, such as cultural activities and proposals, museums, monuments, cultural tourism, historicised landscapes, games, videography, literature, leisure, etc., and by broad sectors of the population. In this sense, history education on the Spanish Civil War aims to make the most diverse aspects of the conflict easier to comprehend in both formal and non-formal settings, in view of the knowledge generated mainly by historical and archaeological research. This knowledge, in turn, will have an impact on a solid critical education based on scientific values, on the basis that scientific thought and practice are the highest expression of humanism.</p>
<p>However, it is important to bear in mind that factors such as proximity in time (an event to which there are still direct witnesses) and the social and political circumstances of the 1936-1939 conflict, its global repercussions and the nature of the events themselves, make the Spanish Civil War particularly relevant for addressing issues related to human rights, governance and democratic culture. We should therefore observe that the humanist logic of scientific knowledge and of democratic culture stem from the same source: a hope for rationality. As such, studying the Spanish Civil War in the classroom, as well as in non-formal teaching and learning environments, is interesting, useful and essential, especially when the consequences of the conflict still affect, condition and determine our present. Some conflicts are long-lasting and their consequences span generations. The lingering shadow of the Spanish Civil War still hangs over the day-to-day life of Spanish society, which is precisely why knowledge and analysis of any conflict that is still &#x201C;alive&#x201D; is a relevant contribution to help shape critical and engaged citizens.</p>
<p>As this chapter draws to an end, it leads into the final chapter by Conesa, segueing from the outcome of the War into the emergence of anti-Francoist memorial associations, and from there, to working on citizens&#x2019; historical memory.</p>
<p>It also discusses the idea of national reconciliation and how it has lost its original meaning. Conesa notes how the lack of concrete measures taken by institutions to address historical memory has borne negative consequences, such as placing the responsibility of Francoist and Republican forces on an equal footing, the lack of institutional recognition for those who fought against Francoism, and the perpetuation of historical mistruths spread during Franco&#x0027;s dictatorship.</p>
<p>In response, memorial associations took action, designating spaces of memory, installing memorials and giving a new meaning to existing spaces. This chapter also highlights the importance of the collaborative work undertaken by these associations and their international contacts, which has contributed to the erection of prominent monuments, such as the one dedicated to international brigades on Barcelona&#x0027;s Rambla del Carmel.</p>
<p>In short, the text addresses the work of memorial associations in Catalonia, their struggle to defend historical memory and the dignity of the victims of Franco&#x0027;s regime, as well as the difficulties and achievements they faced during the war.</p>
<p>In conclusion, this book reflects on and provides educational material to help introduce historical memory, critical thinking, citizen participation and both tangible and intangible heritage, by fostering dialogue and democratic participation in the classroom.</p>
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