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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">comeduc</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Comunicaci&#x00F3; Educativa. Revista d&#x0027;ensenyament de les comarques meridionals de Catalunya</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>COMEDUC</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1575-9911</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2339-5559</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3745</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17345/comeduc36.3745</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ressenyes</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Did&#x00E1;ctica de geograf&#x00ED;a e historia en educaci&#x00F3;n primaria</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4492-3574</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Gil Duran</surname>
<given-names>N&#x00FA;ria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-CAT"/>
<aff id="aff1-CAT">
<institution content-type="original">Professora de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament d&#x2019;Hist&#x00F2;ria i Hist&#x00F2;ria de l&#x2019;Art</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Professora de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departament d&#x2019;Hist&#x00F2;ria i Hist&#x00F2;ria de l&#x2019;Art</institution>
<email>nuria.gil@urv.cat</email>
</aff>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
    </pub-date>
    <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<fpage>205</fpage>
<lpage>212</lpage>
<product product-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arias Ferrer</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name>, i <name><surname>Egea Vivancos</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <source><italic>Did&#x00E1;ctica de geograf&#x00ED;a e historia en educaci&#x00F3;n primaria</italic></source>. <publisher-name>Editorial S&#x00ED;ntesis</publisher-name>.</product>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>05</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="ca">
<license-p>Este obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>L&#x2019;art d&#x2019;ensenyar, &#x00E9;s a dir, la did&#x00E0;ctica, pret&#x00E9;n facilitar l&#x2019;aprenentatge i l&#x2019;aportaci&#x00F3; de coneixements en el cam&#x00ED; de la formaci&#x00F3; de mestres, en l&#x2019;&#x00E0;mbit dels sabers de les ci&#x00E8;ncies socials, el que aqu&#x00ED; ens ocupa. La publicaci&#x00F3; ofereix un resultat d&#x2019;excel&#x00B7;lent amb la menci&#x00F3; <italic>cum laude</italic> com a facilitadora d&#x2019;aquest objectiu endinsant-se en dues disciplines de les ci&#x00E8;ncies socials, com s&#x00F3;n la geografia, que estudia l&#x2019;eix de l&#x2019;espai, i la hist&#x00F2;ria, que absorbeix l&#x2019;eix del temps.</p>
<p>Arias i Egea, per una banda, ens presenten els aspectes associats a l&#x2019;espai geogr&#x00E0;fic, l&#x2019;espai localitzable, l&#x2019;espai on es produeixen els fen&#x00F2;mens i el medi ambient o la interacci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;ambd&#x00F3;s, i per altra banda, les m&#x00FA;ltiples accepcions que fan al&#x00B7;lusi&#x00F3; a la paraula <italic>temps</italic>, incloent-hi el temps civil, el temps cronol&#x00F2;gic, el temps hist&#x00F2;ric, el temps social, la interpretaci&#x00F3; i l&#x2019;&#x00FA;s social de la hist&#x00F2;ria. &#x201C;La finalitat de l&#x2019;ensenyament de l&#x2019;espai i de la geografia se centra a saber, con&#x00E8;ixer i descriure els diversos espais, llocs i processos que s&#x2019;hi esdevenen, per&#x00F2; tamb&#x00E9; a comprendre les motivacions que han portat la societat i les cultures que habiten en aquests espais i llocs a actuar de la manera que ho han fet&#x201D; (2022, p. 14). Integrades en aquestes finalitats, trobem un seguit d&#x2019;elements clau: la influ&#x00E8;ncia del context social i cultural, el pes de la mem&#x00F2;ria, l&#x2019;empoderament de la dona o els conflictes territorials. A m&#x00E9;s, apareixen com a imprescindibles en el coneixement d&#x2019;aquestes disciplines l&#x2019;acompanyament de les tend&#x00E8;ncies actuals de la introducci&#x00F3; del m&#x00E8;tode cient&#x00ED;fic, les estrat&#x00E8;gies d&#x2019;an&#x00E0;lisi cr&#x00ED;tica, el desenvolupament cap al pensament creatiu, la consciencia c&#x00ED;vica i la formaci&#x00F3; de ciutadans, i es considera tot plegat com a eina fonamental per al desenvolupament personal de l&#x2019;individu.</p>
<p>Els nou cap&#x00ED;tols del llibre obren diverses possibilitats per anar m&#x00E9;s enll&#x00E0; de l&#x2019;ensenyament tradicional descriptiu i acad&#x00E8;mic en el cas de la geografia, i dels dies, les setmanes, els anys i les dates en el cas de la hist&#x00F2;ria. Aquestes aportacions ens condueixen, de forma permanent, a la reflexi&#x00F3;, el pensament, el q&#x00FC;estionament i les motivacions de les situacions i dels fets, al desenvolupament de les habilitats del pensament hist&#x00F2;ric i a seleccionar el m&#x00E8;tode adient per assolir l&#x2019;aprenentatge basat en la indagaci&#x00F3;, en els problemes, en els projectes i en l&#x2019;estudi de cas.</p>
    <p>L&#x2019;ensenyament de l&#x2019;espai va adre&#x00E7;at a la comprensi&#x00F3; de la relaci&#x00F3; de l&#x2019;&#x00E9;sser hum&#x00E0; en el seu medi i, de forma inequ&#x00ED;voca, va m&#x00E9;s enll&#x00E0; de les refer&#x00E8;ncies estr&#x00ED;ctament espacials, i s&#x2019;interrelaciona amb les conseq&#x00FC;&#x00E8;ncies culturals, socials o ambientals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-3745-CAT">Wiegand, 2006</xref>, com se cita a Arias i Egea, 2022).</p>
<p>Abordant el contingut dels primers cap&#x00ED;tols, dedicats a la geografia, ens trobem una important contribuci&#x00F3; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-3745-CAT">Figura 1</xref>) sobre vuit de les escoles m&#x00E9;s destacades que s&#x2019;han dedicat a l&#x2019;an&#x00E0;lisi espacial, aix&#x00ED; com la noci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;espai geogr&#x00E0;fic a partir de la d&#x00E8;cada dels anys setanta del segle <sc>xx</sc> i la incorporaci&#x00F3; del concepte <italic>globalitzaci&#x00F3;</italic> a partir dels anys noranta.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-3745-CAT">
<label>Figura 1.</label>
<caption><title>Portada del llibre de Arias Ferrer i Egea Vivancos</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-3745-CAT.jpg"/>
<attrib>Font: Editorial S&#x00ED;ntesis.</attrib>
</fig>
    <p>&#x00C9;s rellevant l&#x2019;apartat dedicat a l&#x2019;espai subjectiu, lligat a la geografia human&#x00ED;stica i associat al context cultural i social com a influ&#x00E8;ncia cabdal en la identitat dels habitants i la mem&#x00F2;ria col&#x00B7;lectiva, la percepci&#x00F3; i els valors que d&#x2019;ella se&#x2019;n deriven. &#x201C;Hi ha llocs &#x00FA;nics no nom&#x00E9;s pels processos humans i f&#x00ED;sics que afecten el lloc, sin&#x00F3; tamb&#x00E9; per les respostes que cadasc&#x00FA; de nosaltres t&#x00E9; envers aquell lloc&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-3745-CAT">Thornton i Brunton, 2009</xref>, com se cita a Arias i Egea, 2022).</p>
<p>Seguint amb els objectius de la geografia i en refer&#x00E8;ncia als factors del paisatge cultural, s&#x2019;interrelaciona la dimensi&#x00F3; social, la dimensi&#x00F3; hist&#x00F2;rica i la dimensi&#x00F3; perceptiva per tal d&#x2019;incorporar l&#x2019;entorn de l&#x2019;estudiant a l&#x2019;aula mitjan&#x00E7;ant l&#x2019;observaci&#x00F3; i convertir-lo aix&#x00ED; en un agent actiu. De la mateixa forma es dona el relleu corresponent i imprescindible a l&#x2019;apartat de desenvolupament sostenible, els ODS (Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible) de la UNESCO i la transversalitat dels EDS (Educaci&#x00F3; per al Desenvolupament Sostenible).</p>
<p>Aprofundint en la segona part de la publicaci&#x00F3;, ens preguntem qu&#x00E8; &#x00E9;s el temps, i ens apareixen &#x00E0;mplies respostes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-3745-CAT">Figura 2</xref>) pel que fa als possibles sentits del temps que complementen els coneixements disciplinaris: el temps cronol&#x00F2;gic i el temps hist&#x00F2;ric desglossant-se amb el contingut disciplinar, el pensament cronol&#x00F2;gic, la comprensi&#x00F3; hist&#x00F2;rica i l&#x2019;an&#x00E0;lisi i la interpretaci&#x00F3; hist&#x00F2;rica. Aix&#x00ED;, el bagatge dels infants rebut fora de l&#x2019;escola pertany a la quantificaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;est&#x00ED;muls de tipus hist&#x00F2;ric probablement en major mesura, narracions que han de ser detectades pel docent (Epstein, 1997; Pozo, 1985; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-3745-CAT">Prats, 2016</xref>; Wineburg <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001, com se cita a Arias i Egea, 2022). S&#x2019;afegeix la difer&#x00E8;ncia entre passat, hist&#x00F2;ria i mem&#x00F2;ria a partir del concepte de disciplina cient&#x00ED;fica que construeix relats amb proves, amb fonts hist&#x00F2;riques, amb interpretacions que confirmin el m&#x00E8;tode hist&#x00F2;ric, fins i tot amb revisions.</p>
<fig id="fig-2-3745-CAT">
<label>Figura 2.</label>
<caption><title>Principals escoles geogr&#x00E0;fiques i la seva influ&#x00E8;ncia en la did&#x00E0;ctica de la geografia</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-3745-CAT.jpg"/>
<attrib>Font: Arias i Egea (2022), basat en Garc&#x00ED;a Ballesteros (1998), Pillet (2004), Santos (1999) i Souto (1998).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>No s&#x2019;oblida l&#x2019;&#x201C;ensenyar a pensar hist&#x00F2;ricament&#x201D; (Holt, 1990; Pierre Vilar, 2004) i la funcionalitat d&#x2019;aquesta necessitat de trasp&#x00E0;s al camps educatiu (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-3745-CAT">L&#x00E9;vesque, 2008</xref>; Prats, 2001; Seixas i Peck, 2004, com se citen a Arias i Egea, 2022) i la diferenciaci&#x00F3; dels &#x201C;continguts de primer ordre, substantius conceptuals i de segon ordre, els metaconceptes organitzatius&#x201D; (2022, p. 115). De fet, s&#x2019;aporta un estudi realitzat a partir de les tesis de diferents autors sobre &#x201C;les diferents habilitats associades al pensament hist&#x00F2;ric&#x201D; (Egea i Arias, 2018), (2022, p. 116).</p>
<p>Qu&#x00E8; significa ensenyar i aprendre hist&#x00F2;ria a Prim&#x00E0;ria? El m&#x00E8;tode de l&#x2019;historiador &#x00E9;s un element que s&#x2019;esmenta com a principal: &#x201C;La missi&#x00F3; de l&#x2019;escola no &#x00E9;s la de formar historiadors, sin&#x00F3; futurs ciutadans que evolucionen en la societat de la informaci&#x00F3; o desinformaci&#x00F3;&#x201D; (2022, p. 125-126). Per tant, aquesta tasca ve acompanyada de dificultats i reptes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-3745-CAT">Figura 3</xref>), que van m&#x00E9;s enll&#x00E0; de la concepci&#x00F3; del temps i de les limitacions de Jean Piaget, i aposten pel canvi de paradigma sobre l&#x2019;abstracci&#x00F3; de l&#x2018;infant, aparegut a partir dels anys noranta del segle <sc>xx</sc>, realitzant seleccions de continguts adients i planificaci&#x00F3; amb l&#x2019;an&#x00E0;lisi hist&#x00F2;ric i temporal des d&#x2019;edats ben primerenques i amb recursos que promoguin la capacitat d&#x2019;argumentaci&#x00F3; i el desenvolupament del pensament, i ho fa relacionant situacions que permetin l&#x2019;observaci&#x00F3; de l&#x2019;entorn i l&#x2019;an&#x00E0;lisi dels objectes, els elements patrimonials i les fotografies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-3745-CAT">Cooper, 2002</xref>, com se cita a Arias i Egea, 2022), i afegint fonts prim&#x00E0;ries, obres d&#x2019;art i tot el que pugui aportar i afavorir la creaci&#x00F3; de m&#x00FA;ltiples perspectives individuals i col&#x00B7;lectives, i s&#x2019;estableixin aix&#x00ED; di&#x00E0;legs i la creaci&#x00F3; d&#x2019;hip&#x00F2;tesis.</p>
<fig id="fig-3-3745-CAT">
<label>Figura 3.</label>
<caption><title>Qu&#x00E8; significa ensenyar i aprendre hist&#x00F2;ria a Prim&#x00E0;ria?</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-3-3745-CAT.jpg"/>
<attrib>Font: Arias i Egea (2022, p. 108).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>La darrera part del llibre ens obsequia amb una farmaciola de recursos i principis actius amb la corresponent prescripci&#x00F3; facultativa per tal de comprendre els m&#x00E8;todes d&#x2019;investigaci&#x00F3; hist&#x00F2;rica i saber com i perqu&#x00E8; es construeixen les interpretacions sobre el passat, aix&#x00ED; com la forma d&#x2019;aconseguir perspectiva hist&#x00F2;rica mitjan&#x00E7;ant la ubicaci&#x00F3; del coneixement que aporten els diferents contextos. Tot plegat es fa imprescindible &#x201C;per fer pensar l&#x2019;alumne de manera cronol&#x00F2;gica i hist&#x00F2;rica, endinsar l&#x2019;estudiant en el m&#x00E8;tode de l&#x2019;historiador i desenvolupar aquesta alfabetitzaci&#x00F3; i capacitat d&#x2019;argumentaci&#x00F3; tan anhelades&#x201D; (2022, p. 146).</p>
<p>Aquest seguit de recursos esmentats van acompanyats de recomanacions que cal tenir en compte a l&#x2019;hora d&#x2019;ensenyar geografia i hist&#x00F2;ria per ser implementades. No oblidem, per&#x00F2;, que segons Dewey &#x201C;l&#x2019;educaci&#x00F3; hauria de comen&#x00E7;ar per la curiositat de l&#x2019;estudiant&#x201D; (Oguz-Unver i Arabacioglu, 2014, com se cita a Arias i Egea, 2022). &#x00C9;s per aix&#x00F2; que compartim la necessitat de realitzar una diagnosi que comporti la indagaci&#x00F3; dels coneixements previs que presenta l&#x2019;alumnat per poder orientar les preguntes m&#x00E9;s apropiades encaminades a resoldre enigmes, a establir debats o a aportar justificacions a respostes monosil&#x00B7;l&#x00E0;biques, sempre tenint en compte que les ci&#x00E8;ncies socials no s&#x00F3;n una ci&#x00E8;ncia exacta, sin&#x00F3; probabil&#x00ED;stica, i que, depenent de les argumentacions, podem validar m&#x00E9;s d&#x2019;una resposta. Es tracta de &#x201C;fer&#x201D;, &#x201C;escoltar&#x201D; i &#x201C;pensar&#x201D; (2022, p. 181).</p>
<fig id="fig-4-3745-CAT">
<label>Figura 4.</label>
<caption><title>Dificultats per aprendre hist&#x00F2;ria</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-4-3745-CAT.jpg"/>
<attrib>Font: Arias i Egea (2022, p. 144).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Aquesta forma tan propera, directa, experta, en ocasions tal volta ir&#x00F2;nica, de presentar uns coneixements tan elevats sobre la did&#x00E0;ctica de la geografia i la hist&#x00F2;ria &#x00E9;s realment la lli&#x00E7;&#x00F3; que ens condueix definitivament a poder amistan&#x00E7;ar-nos amb els autors, Laura Arias i Alejandro Egea, com a referents de la Universitat de M&#x00FA;rcia, una universitat amiga.</p>
</body>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>Refer&#x00E8;ncies bibliogr&#x00E0;fiques</title>
<ref id="ref-1-3745-CAT"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Cooper</surname>, <given-names>H.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <source><italic>History in the early years</italic></source>. <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-2-3745-CAT"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>L&#x00E9;vesque</surname>, <given-names>S.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <source><italic>Thinking historically: educating students for the twenty-first century</italic></source>. <publisher-name>University of Toronto Press</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-3-3745-CAT"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Prats</surname>, <given-names>J.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2016</year>). <article-title xml:lang="es">Combates por la historia en educaci&#x00F3;n</article-title>. <source xml:lang="es"><italic>Ense&#x00F1;anza de las Ciencias Sociales</italic></source>, <volume>15</volume>, <fpage>145</fpage>&#x2013;<lpage>153</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-4-3745-CAT"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="allauthors"><string-name><surname>Thornton</surname>, <given-names>L.</given-names></string-name>, i <string-name><surname>Brunton</surname>, <given-names>P.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <source><italic>The little book of time and place: Ideas for helping children in the Early Years Foundation Stage to develop a sense of time and place</italic></source>. <publisher-name>Featherstone Education Ltd</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="ref-5-3745-CAT"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Wiegand</surname>, <given-names>P.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <source><italic>Learning and Teaching with maps</italic></source>. <publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3745</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17345/comeduc36.3745</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Ressenyes</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Teaching geography and history in primary education</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4492-3574</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Gil Duran</surname>
<given-names>N&#x00FA;ria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-EN"/>
<aff id="aff1-EN">
<institution content-type="original">Professor of Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of History and History of Art</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Professor of Universitat Rovira i Virgili</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of History and History of Art</institution>
<email>nuria.gil@urv.cat</email>
</aff>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
    </pub-date>
    <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
    </pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<fpage>213</fpage>
<lpage>220</lpage>
<product product-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arias Ferrer</surname> <given-names>L.</given-names></name>, i <name><surname>Egea Vivancos</surname> <given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2022</year>). <source><italic>Did&#x00E1;ctica de geograf&#x00ED;a e historia en educaci&#x00F3;n primaria</italic></source> [<trans-source><italic>Teaching geography and history in primary education</italic></trans-source>]. <publisher-name>Editorial S&#x00ED;ntesis</publisher-name>.</product>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>05</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2023 Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>Este obra est&#x00E1; bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>The art of teaching, also known as didactics, aims to facilitate learning and the contribution of knowledge in teacher training and in the field of knowledge of the social sciences, which is what concerns us here. The book truly excels in facilitating this objective by delving into two disciplines of the social sciences, namely geography, which studies the spatial sphere, and history, which absorbs the temporal sphere.</p>
<p>Arias and Egea introduce us to aspects associated with geographic space, space that can be placed and pinpointed, space where natural phenomena and the environment occur and interact, on the one hand, and the many meanings encompassed by the word time, including civil time, chronological time, historical time, social time and the interpretation and social use of history, on the other hand. &#x201C;The purpose of teaching space and geography centres around knowing, understanding and describing the different spaces, places and processes involved, but also understanding the motives that have led the societies and cultures that inhabit such spaces and places to act the way they did&#x201D; (2022, p. 14). These objectives comprise a series of key aspects: the influence of social and cultural context, the weight of memory, the empowerment of women and the importance of territorial conflicts. In addition, to really understand these disciplines it is vital to examine current trends in how scientific methods are used to introduce these subjects, strategies for critical analysis, the development of critical thinking, civic awareness and the creation of citizens, considering all of these factors jointly as an essential tool for personal growth and development.</p>
<p>The new chapters of the book open up a range of possibilities when it comes to going beyond traditional descriptive and academic teaching, in the case of geography, and days, weeks, years and dates, in the case of history. These contributions inspire us to constantly reflect on and question why things are as they are, helping to develop the ability to think in historical terms, choosing the most effective method to help students absorb learning based on research and the analysis of problems, projects and cases studies.</p>
    <p>Teaching students about space helps them to understand human beings&#x2019; relationship with their environment, inevitably going beyond mere spatial references to allow them to comprehend the cultural, socials and environmental consequences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-3745-EN">Wiegand, 2006</xref>, as cited by Arias and Egea, 2022).</p>
<p>Looking at the content of the first few chapters dedicated to geography, we find an important contribution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-3745-EN">figure 1</xref>) about eight of the most remarkable schools that have focused on spatial analysis and the notion of geographical space since the 1970&#x2019;s, as well as the inclusion of the concept of globalisation, since the 1990&#x2019;s.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-3745-EN">
<label>Figure 1.</label>
<caption><title>Cover book</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-3745-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Editorial S&#x00ED;ntesis.</attrib>
</fig>
    <p>Of special relevance is the section on subjective space, which is linked to humanistic geography and related to the cultural and social context as a major influence on the identity of a region&#x2019;s inhabitants and their collective memory and perception, and the values arising from these. &#x201C;Some places are unique not just because of the human and physical processes affecting them, but also due to how each one of us responds to that place&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-3745-EN">Thornton and Brunton, 2009</xref>, as cited by Arias and Egea, 2022).</p>
<p>Still on the subject of the objectives of geography, and with regard to aspects involving the cultural landscape, it is important to relate this to the social dimension, the historical dimension and the perceptual dimension in order to incorporate these into the student&#x2019;s environment in the classroom through observation, turning the student into an active agent. Likewise, the corresponding and vital importance must be given to the section on sustainable development, focusing on Unesco&#x2019;s SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) and ESD (Education for Sustainable Development).</p>
<p>In the second part of the book, we ask ourselves about the nature of time and examine a range of answers to this paradox (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-3745-EN">Figure 2</xref>), dealing with the different possible definitions of time based on different disciplines, analysing chronological time and historical time in terms of subject content, chronological thinking, historical understanding and the analysis and interpretation of history. Thus, the knowledge absorbed by children outside of the school setting is part of the quantification of stimuli of a historical nature, to a great extent, being narratives that need to be detected by teachers (Epstein, 1997; Pozo, 1985; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-3745-EN">Prats, 2016</xref>; Wineburg et al, 2001, as cited by Arias and Egea, 2022). The book tackles the difference between the past, history and memory with a scientific approach, creating narratives using evidence, historical sources, interpretations that confirm the historical method, even using revisions.</p>
<fig id="fig-2-3745-EN">
<label>Figure 2.</label>
<caption><title>Main geographical schools and their influence on the teaching of geography</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-3745-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Arias and Egea (2022), based on Garc&#x00ED;a Ballesteros (1998), Pillet (2004), Santos (1999), Souto (1998).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>The text does not forget about &#x201C;Teaching how to think historically&#x201D; (Holt, 1990), (Pierre Vilar, 2004) or the need to transfer these ideas into the educational field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-3745-EN">L&#x00E9;vesque, 2008</xref>; Prats, 2001; Seixas and Peck, 2004; as cited by Arias and Egea, 2022), and the differentiation between &#x201C;content of the first order, substantive and conceptual, and of the second order, organisational meta-concepts (2022, 115). In fact, it provides a study based on the theses of different authors on &#x201C;the different abilities associated with historical thinking&#x201D; (Egea and Arias, 2018), (2022, p. 116)</p>
<p>What does it mean to teach and learn history in Primary education? A historian&#x2019;s method is considered to be absolutely crucial: &#x201C;A school&#x2019;s mission is not to create historians, but rather future citizens who will develop the skills to discern between information and disinformation&#x201D; (2022, 125-126). This task brings with it difficulties and challenges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-3-3745-EN">Figure 3</xref>), which go beyond the concept of time and the limitations posited by Jean Piaget, focusing on a paradigm shift in terms of the abstract ideas about children&#x2019;s learning that began to appear in the 1990&#x2019;s, selecting suitable content and using historical and temporal analysis to plan from an early age and using resources that encourage and promote the ability to present arguments, developing thought by creating links between different situations in order to observe one&#x2019;s environment, analysing objects, cultural heritage, photographs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-3745-EN">Cooper, 2002</xref>, as cited by Arias and Egea, 2022), adding primary sources, works of art and anything else that might favour the creation of multiple individual and collective perspectives, establishing dialogue and creating hypotheses.</p>
<fig id="fig-3-3745-EN">
<label>Figure 3.</label>
<caption><title>What does it mean to teach and learn history in Primary education?</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-3-3745-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Arias i Egea (2022, p. 108).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>The last part of the book provides us with a veritable doctor&#x2019;s prescription of resources and active ingredients to help us understand historical research methods and how and why interpretations of the past are created, as well as how to achieve historical perspective by placing and locating the knowledge provided by different texts. All of this is vital &#x201C;to make the student think chronologically and historically, allowing the student to get inside the historian&#x2019;s method, thereby developing the sought-after ability to both acquire knowledge and present arguments&#x201D; (2022, p. 146).</p>
<p>Besides the above list of resources, the book also includes recommendations to bear in mind when teaching geography or history. Let&#x2019;s not forget, however, that, according to Dewey, &#x201C;Education should begin with the student&#x2019;s curiosity&#x201D; (Oguz-Unver i Arabacioglu, 2014, as cited by Arias and Egea, 2022). This is why we agree that it is necessary to carry out a diagnosis that includes an analysis of students&#x2019; existing knowledge in order to be able to ask the most appropriate questions, helping them to resolve enigmas, present arguments and provide arguments to back up and explain monosyllabic responses, always bearing in mind that the social sciences are not exact sciences, but rather are probabilistic and require debate, meaning that sometimes there can be more than one right answer. It&#x2019;s a question of &#x201C;doing&#x201D;, &#x201C;listening&#x201D; and &#x201C;thinking&#x201D; (2022, p. 181).</p>
<fig id="fig-4-3745-EN">
<label>Figure 4.</label>
<caption><title>Difficulties learning history</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-4-3745-EN.jpg"/>
<attrib>Source: Arias i Egea (2022, p. 144).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>This personal, direct, expert and occasionally ironic way of presenting such high knowledge about the teaching of geography and history is the real lesson to be learned and the reason why we have a warm understanding with the authors, Laura Arias and Alejandro Egea, of Universidad de Murcia, a university with which we have close ties.</p>
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